Method of and apparatus for coating fabric on either or both faces



Feb. 9, 1954 H. c. BosTwlcK 2,668,572

METHOD oF AND APPARATUS FOR coATING FABRIC ON EITHER OR BOTH FACES 4Sheets-SheaI l Filed Nov. 29. 1950 NGN INVENTOR.

M Zmyzgm Pride/IEX( Feb. 9, 1954 H. c. BosTwxcK 2,668,572 METHOD OF ANDAPPARATUS FOR COATING FABRIC ON EITHER OR BOTH FACES Filed Nov, 29, 19504 Sheets-Sheet 2 Feb. 9, 1954 H. c. BosTwlcK n 2,668,572 METHOD OF' ANDAPPARATUS FOR COATING FABRIC ON EITHER OR BOTH FACES Filed Nov. 29, 19504 Sheets-Sheet 3 4+] 5&5

INVENTOR.

fram/'5,47

Fie 9, 1952? H. c. BosTwlcK 2,668,572

METHOD OF AND APPARATUS F'OR COATING FABRIC ON EITHER OR BOTH FACESFiled NOV. 29, 1950 4 Sheets-Sheet 4 fj@ @am vlam( Patented Feb. 9, 1954METHOD F AND APPA FABRIC ON EITHE RATUS Fon coA'rlNG l n on Born FACESHenry C. Bost-wick, Coventry Township, Summit County, Ohio, assigner toAkron Standard Mold Company, Akron, IOhio, a corporation of OhioApplication November 29, 1950, Serial N o. 198,094

12 claims. 1

The general purpose of this invention is to enable the application of asheet of `coating material to either one or to both sides of a sheet offabric as the fabric is fed into the supply roll of a stock storingapparatus, commonly called a servicer. In addition, the invention isdesigned to maintain a uniform tension of the material that is being fedinto the Servicer.

The invention is accomplished by passing a strip of fabric through feedrolls and by applying to the fabric, either at the top or bottom orAboth faces thereof, a layer of rubber or similar material and pressingsuch layer against the fabric so as to make it adhere thereto. provide acoating mechanism carrying a roll or rolls of sheet rubber and havingmotor-driven pressure rolls to press the rubber onto the fabric and feedthe fabric thus coated to the Servicer.

As the fabric passes from the feeding rolls of the coater into theServicer, it falls in a bight or festoon and the extent of the festoonis utilized for controlling the operation of the Servicer motor. Thus,if the fabric is being discharged from the coater at a rate faster than.it would be fed into the Servicer, the Servicer motor is automaticallystopped. This is accomplished by a floating roller in the bight whichaccording to its position may actuate a switch-controlling circuit ofthe Servicer motor. At the start of the operation theA manuallycontrolled motor of the coating mechanism is operated to feed a lengthof coated fabric Sunicient for engagement by the feeding device of theServicer, but Athe Servicer motor does not start until the roller in thebight has dropped down to a predetermined position.

In practice, the Servicer motor is designed to run at a somewhat fasterspeed than the coater motor, in order to prevent the festoon fromexceeding a certain maximum degree.

There is an additional switch for controlling the operation of theServicer motor, whichy operates to out off the flow of current to themotor whenever the end of the coated strip is nearly wound up on thestorage roll, thus enabling the ready attachment of a subsequent strip.

My invention includes the method of coating a fabric and supplying it toa stock storage device as above outlined and as more fully describedhereinafter. It includes likewise the method of building a tire or bandby the product of the coating device. It also includes the apparatusillustrated 'in the drawings hereof and explained in the descrip-tion,which apparatus is useful in carrying out the above-outlined method andalso embodies a number of novel features not specifically mentionedabove1 but hereinafter fully set out.

In the drawings, Fig. 1 is a side elevation showing the association ofthe coating mechanism with a Servicer and a tire making machine for acontinuous operation; Fig. 2 is a side view von a larger scale of thecoating mechanism and the feed control to the Servicer; Fig. 3 is avertical transverse section in offset planes indicated by the line 3-3in Fig. 2; Fig. 4 is a vertical longitudinal section in oifset planesindicated .by the line i4 in Fig. 3; Fig. 5 is a fragmentary plan of thefeeding portion of the coating mechanism, being a horizontal sectiontaken on the plane indicated by the line 5 5 on Fig. 4; Fig. `6 is afragmentary plan illustrating the roll-supporting brackets of thecoating mechanism, being a horizontal Section taken in a plane indicatedby the line 6-6 in Fig. 2; Fig. 7 is a vertical section of a stock rolland its liner roll in the Servicer; Fig. 8 is a wiring diagram for themotor which operates the intake mechanism of the Servicer; Fig. 9 is adiagrammatic view illustrating several double-coated layers withintervening fabric, such as may be mounted on a storage roll or aband-building drum.

Referring rfirst to Fig. 1 of the drawings, I indicates the coatingapparatus, I-00 the Servicer and 230 a conventional drum such as used inbuilding of tires or bands.

Brieny, and as hereinafter more fully explained, the coating mechanismhas abase I0 from which rise standards II carrying, by suitable brackets!2 and I3, two supply rolls I5 and I6 of rubber strip and associatedliner strip and two take-up rolls I 'I and I8 for the freed linerstrips. Intermediate of these two sets of rolls the standards II carrycross heads I4 and I9 (see Fig. 3) on which is mounted the mechanism forpressing the layers together and feeding the composite strip.

The fabric strip A is fed from a suitable source (not shown) through thecoating apparatus, where a layer of rubber B pressed onto its uppersurface or a layer B' pressed onto its lower surface, or both coatingsare effected. After this, the composite strip designated C passes to theServicer where it is wound up on a suitable storage roll. The rubberlayers Bor B' on their respective rolls are interleaved by a strip ofliner canvas which passes with the rubber layer to the fabric strip A,but after ,pressure is applied causing the rubber to adhere to thefabric is stripped from the rubber and passes, as indicated at D and Dto receiving rolls for such liners.

As the composite strip C enters the Servicer a liner designated E: (Fig.'7) is fed from a ksuitable liner roll and wound up with the compositesprocket wheels -turret |06.

Yendless belts which 22 carries a cam 23 (Fig.

up on the -,nearly wound up on the Storage roller the the storage rolllayers of fabric with rubbe r.fac-y ing, the different layers beingSeparatedfby the liner Sheet of the Servicer. The layers on the Servicerrolls may be similar to that indicated in the diagram,Fig. 9, whereE.would indicate the liners.

The storage rolls and rolls in the Servicer comprise two sets, which aremounted in a turret adapted to'be revolved 180 on a vertical axis. Thusone set of rolls, namely, the set at the left in Fig. 1, is in positionto receive the stock while the other set atl'the right in this figure,is in positionto allow Athe discharge to the building drum.

The Servicer as shown may, for instance, be of the form shown anddescribed in my Patent No. 2,242,810, issued May 20, 1941, andillustrated herein in Fig. 1, and in that case each set of stock 'rolls'rI0I yand associatedliner rolls |02 are mounted on endless chains |03passing over |04 on shafts |05 journaled in a This turret is mounted ona vertical axis above a supporting frame |01. Suitable mechanism (notshown) is provided for turning the turret 180.

on the turret operate driverollers ||5 which may frictionally engage thelowermost stock rolls of the Servicer and thus rotate such roll in thedirection to wind up the composite fabric thereon, as in the lefthandposition of Fig. 1, or in the direction to unwind it as in the righthand position, where the composite fabric C' passes A pair of motorsdownwardly to the tire building drum 200.

Resting in the bight of the fabric C, as it passes from the coater tothe Servicer is a dancing roller 20 which is shown as mounted on arms 2icar- 4ried by a rock shaft 22 (Fig. 5) pivoted to the i9 of the coater.The shaft 2) which may actuate the motor IIO of the cross heads I4 and aswitch 25 controlling( Servicer.

The composite fabric C, as it passes into the Servicer, passes across aroller |20 carried by a rocking frame and lpressed upwardly by acounter-weight l2 I. The fabric in being wound Servicer holds thisroller depressed, as Shown in Fig. l, but when the strip has 'beenweight of the strip on the counter-weight roller is so reduced that thecounterweight Swings`the roller also in circuit to the 'motor I l0 tostop the winding operation. By properly Setting the counterweightY onthe teeterbar, the Servicer may be Stopped when the fabricstill hangsdown a foot their associated liner t of the Servicer to wind in AS theServicer, when operating, pulls in the comupwardly. This movement opensa switch |25 Y l It will be seen that a circuit passes in Series througha manual switch designated26 through the Switch |25of the Servicer andthrough the switch 25 of theA coater. This manual Switch, Showndiagrammatically in Fig. 8, may con- 'veniently comprise a push buttondevice on the edge of the feed table as Supported by the cross risingfrom the base I0. Y

In starting the operation, the fabric is led up the feed table 21 ofthecoater and coater motor 30 (Fig. 4) Vis energized by a manual Switch 3|to feed a suflicient length of composite fabric 21 of the coater, shownheads and a bracket 28 Figs. 2 and Y by momentum,

posite -Stripfsomewhat faster than it iS fed out by the coater,1suchoperation Shortens the festoon of the, composite Strip and thus raisesthe dancing roller-:to a point where it opens the Switch 25, which..lfops the loading movement of the Servicer.'"f'

It rwill' beseenthat the loading operation of the Servicer-isintermittent while the coater operates'cont" uously, but by operatingthe Servicer fasteryt'han the coater and periodically interrupting the-bperation by l the vfestoon-controlled switch, applicant'.v is able-tomake the ultimate progress of the composite strip Substantially the samein the two machines.

I will-now give a specific description of the coating mechanism by whichthe continuous discharge of the coated fabric is obtained, referencebeing had to Figs. 2 to 6 inclusive.

Mounted on each of the vertical standards I| of thecoater frame are thebrackets I2 and I3 heretofore mentioned which carry the supply rolls I5Vand IB andthe liner rolls I1 and I8. Each bracket is a compound of twoleaves each having projecting ears 40 embracing a vertical pin 4|carried by supporting ears 42 and 43 projecting from the standard II. Innormal use, the bracket leaves align with each other and are locked inthis position by notched latch bars 45 pivoted to the standard II andengaging the bracket leaves, as shown in Figs. 2 and 6.

Each bracket leaf |2 and I3 carries a pair of rollers 41 overlappingeach other as shown in 6. Each of the supply and liner rolls is mountedon a Square Shaft 48 which has rounded end portions 49 resting in theSpace between the peripheries of the two rollers 41. The different rollsthus are retained in position by gravity andare free torotate on theantifriction bearing provided by the rollers 41, though all of thelrolls' are prevented from undue turning by means hereinafter described.

Any stock or liner roll may be removed from the machine by endwisemovement off of its Shaft by merely releasing the corresponding latch 45rand swinging outwardly the corresponding leaf of the supportingbracket.

The feeding mechanism for the various layers which constitute thecomposite Strip is carried by the frame cross heads I4 and I9. Thisfeeding mechanism comprises six rollers, designated 5I to 56respectively, arranged in three vertical pairs. of which one member as 5I, 54 and 55 is a smooth Surface metal roller and the other member as152, 53 and 56 is covered with rubber or other yielding material. Theshafts on which the rubber covered rollers areA tightly mounted arejournaled in the cross heads and carry driving sprocket wheels, aShereinafter explained. The smooth covered rollers 5I, 54 and 55 are eachmounted on rocker arms 5|, 64 and 05 respectively, which are on rockshafts oscillatably mounted in the cross heads. These rock shafts carryat their outer ends rock arms 66, 61 and 68, as shown in Fig. 2.Connected to each of these rock arms is a piston rod 10 mounted incylinders respectively member consisting fabric.

designated '11,154 and 15. 'Byadinitting .fluid to one end or the .otherof these lcylindersithe Acorresponding pistons are operated wto rock the.rock

nism is preferably ,effected by compressed rair through 'suitableconduits '12 leading to opposite ends of the `cylinders from threesuitably manually operated control valves, each .designated '16.

vThese control valves may 'be conveniently mounted on a bracket "i1carried by the ntop cross member of `the 'frame and each maybe 4actuatedby a.convenient'hand lever 18.

The fabric strip A extends between each Vpair .of feed rolls as shown inFig. 4. One rubber lsheet designated B with its surmounting canvas linerD leads from the roller il 5 downwardly and loops in a bight about theswinging roller '51 which by pressure, effectedby the cylinder 'H andits piston and rock arm 66 afiixes the rubber surface tothe fabric stripA, while the `liner`D vpasses upwardly to its roll |11. .-Similarly, therubber strip -B', with an underlying liner sheet, passes upwardly from.the roll I6 and extends 'in .a bight over the smooth roller 54 .and the'liner D jpasses downwardly to the take-up roll I8. This strip,therefore.,rprovides for coating the undersurface of .the The final pairof rollers .55, 56 are 'for feeding the composite strip composed of thefabric A coated on one or both sides.

The turning of the rubber faced rollers 52, A53

.and 56, to effect the feeding operation abovementioned is caused by anendless sprocket 'chain 89 which engages sprocket wheels 8l on theshafts of the three rollers and also a driving sprocket 82 geared withthe motor 30. Suitable extra sprockets 33 and 84 are provided 'toVdivert .the course of the sprocket chain and make a "better engagementwith certain of the sprocket wheels.

It will be seen that when the motor 30 is operated, each of .the rubbercovered rollers '52, 53, 56 is rotated, all in the direction to havetheir 'surfaces which are adjacent the smooth rollsmoving toward theright in Fig. 4 to advance the strip.

As the same time that .the strip is advanced as just described, the .two`take-up rolls l1 and |'8 for the liners are rotated to wind in theliners'D and D as the same is freed .on thedischarge side of the rollers5I and 54. vThis rotation ofthe take-up roll 'l1 is effected by a spring`belt 8.5 looped about a pulley on the shaft of the roller 52 and apulley on .the shaft 48 of the .takemp'roll Similarly the take-up rollI8 'is rotatedby a spring belt 8S passing .about a vpulley on the Vshaftofthe `roller 53 and apulley on .the shaft of thetake-up roll I'S.

It will be seen that when the motor 30 is operated all of the rolls ofthe three pairs `of "feed rolls Aare rotating and likewise the twotake-up rolls so that the fabric with the liner "is drawn from eitherthe roll I5 or the roll 16 or both -rolls Asimultaneously and pressedinto Acontact with Athe fabric strip A and lthat such .coated strip isgiven the final feeding movement by the rotating `rollers '55 and .56,the rotating take-up rollers rolling up the liner as the feedingtakesplace. The spring .belts 85 and .86 of the `takenip rolls allowslippage to compensate 'for 'the vincreasing radius of such .rolls astheybecome loaded.

However, whenever desired .the-liner rolls .may be ydisconnected .fromYthe drive effected .by the motor .30. This .is accomplished byactuating.one or the other of the shipper levers 91', Fig. '5, to

6 shift the l.corresponding driving-.pulley -51 Y-or 58 out of'engagementwith anormally engaged driving 'head 159 tighten the shaft oftheroller 52 or the roller `54 as the case maybe.

.Toprevent-undue'rotation bymomentum of the stock rolls f5 and Af6 "as`the lmaterial is pulled from them by the driven take-up rolls, Iprovide aifbrake on each stock lroll. These brakes consist of 'tension`'springs 90 and 9| yextending in a 'U-course about pulleys 92 land -93tight of the 4shafts ofthe-two-stock rolls, such springs being anchoredat ltheir ends to ystationary bars, as 94 and 95,\projectinglfrom-theframe of the machine.

To keep the vmaterial centered 4on the lstock rolls A|15 and 15,I-provide pairs of guides 9B `and 91 to engage the Vedges `oftlrxestock. These guides are vadjustable in and out by being threadinglymounted on a 'horizontal right-and-left hand screw. Such screw is Kshownvin detail at 98 in Fig. '3 for lthe guides e5, and the screwfor theguides '91 `'is similar. The screws `may `be turned l'as desired lbycranks 99 on `their ends.

As 4my ccoating apparatus mayserve to lcharge vlall lof the relis of'the servicer before the operation of the A-tire vbuilding drum hasexhausted the ldelivery vrol-ls, it may be convenient -to have onecoating lmachine serve -a number of rservice machines. 'To reffect this,`I 'may -provide lsupporting wheels 2 -on axles 3 and n'4 ycarried bythebase l0 of "the icoater frame on itsunderside. These 4wheels `trackonvrails-5 Aextending in a region at the front of the battery ofservicers. On one of the Lwheel axles, I-prov-ifde'asprocket ywheel 6connected by 'sprocket chain 1 with ya driving sprocket on Va motor 8mounted on the frame Vl 0. The 'operation ofthis motor, under thecontrol of a 'suitable switch, not shown, propels the Ventire vcoatingyapparatus `in one direction vor the -other as desired. This 4sameprovision yallows the 'coater to'be rolled out ofthe Away when it Jisdesired to feed uncoated fabric into the Servicer.

It Willibeseenthat have provided a comparatively simple coatingapparatus suitable for use #withone or more serviccrs, with the feed tothe v-servicer Aautomat-ical-ly controlled.

The control of the motor of the servicer by `a dancing .roller inthefestoon ofthe discharged r`composite lstrip allows the continuousoperation of 'the coating -apparatus andthe corresponding intermittentoperation of `the serVicer, so that the composite 'strip maybe wound upin the :Servicer as fast 'as discharged by thev coater. One of theadvantages -of this operation is that one operator utakes ca-re offeeding the stock into lthe coater 4and attending to the serVicer.

My apparatus serves to press a `layer -of rubber `or (similar adheringmaterial lsnugly vonto either side of a strip `of fabric, or onto bothsides at the -same time, and'to feed such composite layer to 'the.adjacent Servicer, where `the 'same maybe wound Aup with a smallermember of liner sheets than formerly.

:By coating both sides `of the fabric so that such composite layer mayY*be placed as `a unit on the drum for ,building the 'band or tire withinterposed strips of uncoated fabric, indicated at E 'in Fig. 9,1 reducethe number of 'rolling down operations at the edge of each layer,commonly .called "fstitching, and increase the speed of "building .upthe band .or Lt'ire.

Iclaim.:

1. A system .of applying .one ormore layers of coating material to .asheet of .fabric .during vthe v passage of 'the .fabric .towards .a.motor .driven roll upon which'it is wound, comprising pressing fabricand feeding such composite strip in. a fes- -toon to the motor drivenroll, providing an electric switch for energizing the drivingfmotor oflthe roll and controlling the switch by the position of a floatingmember supported in theT bight 'of the festooned composite strip. Y v .j

2. An apparatus for applying a strip to either the upper or under faceof a fabric strip comprising means for holding two spaced rolls of thematerial to be applied, an interrnediatelyv located feedermechanism forthe fabric strip, and roller means` operatively disposed adjacent eachface of the fabric` strip forcoaction in .directing a sheet to beapplied from one rollv to one face of the fabric strip and La sheet tobe applied to the other face from the other roll. to Vcontact with vthefabric strip while the-same is 'being advanced.

3. A Yfabric coating apparatus comprising a base, a pair of standardsrising therefrom, means carried by said standards for holding rolls ofrubber strip one spaced above the other, cross heads carried by thestandards on the intermediate regions between the rolls, two pairsof,cloacting feeding rollers carried by the crossv heads vwhereby one ofthe strips to be applied maybe looped around one of the rollers of thefirst pair andthe strip to be applied to the other face may be `loopedaround the otherroller of the second pair, and means for feeding afabric strip past theA two pairs of coacting rollers vand between the 3rubber strips.

4. In a machine for applying a rubber strip 'to a fabric strip, thecombination of a, roll mounted on a fixed axis, a coacting roll mountedbetween a pair of rock arms and movable about a fixed axis toward andfrom the fixed roll a piston and cylinder couple, one memberof which isconnected with the rock armsto shift the movable roll about the rock armaxis, means for controlling the pressure in the cylinder, wherebyvariable pressure may be obtained on a strip of material extending aboutthe movable roll in contact with the fabric and means for rotating one yof the rolls of the pair to advance the composite strip.

5. The combination of a frame, a roller therein mounted on a fixed axis,mechanism for rotating said roller, a coacting roller mounted on arocking frame for movement toward and away from the fixed roller, apistonand-cylinder mechanism for operating the rocking frame about theaxis whereby a strip of rubber looped around the movable roller may bepressed against a strip of fabric between the rollers, the driving ofthe fixed axis roller serving to cause the rotation of both rollers andthe advancement of the4 composite strip.

6. The combination of a standard, two pairs of rolls carried thereby,the rolls of each pair being one above the other, the lower roll of onepairV being on a fixed axis and the upper vroll of the otherpair beingon a fixed axis and the .other rolls of the two pairsv being. movable,means for Aguiding a fabric strip successively between therolls of thetwo pairs, means forrholding rubber strips in loops respectively aboutthe movable rolls of the two pairs, and mechanism for operating the twomovable rolls topress the rubber strip extending about the movableA rollagainst.

the fabric strip and feed the composite strip.

, 7. The combination of a frame, two pairs of Vrollers carried thereby,the rollersl of each pair being located one Vabove the other, means forY positively driving Vthe lower roller ofone pair 'rubber stripcomprising a roller on a fixed axis, Va

and the upper roller of thek other pair, pistonvand-'cylinder mechanismsfor actuating the other two rollers of the pairs, means for carrying tworollsof sheet rubber with adjacent liner sheets in wound up formrespectivelylabove and below said sets of rollers, whereby a sheet andliner ,from the upper roll may be looped about the lower .face of one ofthe movable rollers and the strip lmechanisms for operatingY the twomovable lrollers, to press the two rubber strips against the fabricstrip, and a pair of' manually operated valves for controlling the twopiston and cylinder mechanisms.

. l 8. The combination of a frame, two pairs of coacting rollers carriedby the frame, the rollers of each pair being one above the other, thelower roller` of one pair being on a fixed axis, the upper roller on-theother pair on the fixed axis, the ,other rollers on the two pairs beingcarriedby vrocking frames, means for supporting rolls of rubber'aboveand below the said rollers, whereby Va rubber strip from one roll may beloopedv around the underside of the upper` movably carried roller and arubber strip from the lower roll may be looped around the upper side ofthe under movably carried roll, mechanism for rotating the two Axed axisrolls, and mechanism for pressing the two movable rolls toward the fixedaxis rolls to coat the fabric strip on both sides and feed the sameforwardly. l .Y

9. In an apparatus for coating fabric with a roller on a rocking frameadapted to b e moved towards and away from the fixed roller for coactiontherewith, means for supporting a roll of rubber and adjacent liner,whereby such rubber strip and its liner may be looped about the movableroller, a roller for taking up the liner after the same has been freedfrom the pressure rollers, mechanism for pressing the movable roller onits rocking frame toward the fixed roller, mechanism for rotating one ofthe pressure rollers and .the take-up roller whereby rubber strip andliner is withdrawn from the supply roll and pressed against the fabricstrip and the liner is discharged and wound up and the composite Vcoatedfabric strip moved forward.

- 10. The combination of a frame, two pairs 'of feeding rollers carriedthereby, each pair comprising a roller on a fixed axis andV a roller ona movable axis, the fixed-,axis rollerbeing the lower roller in one pairand the upper roller in the other pair, means for guiding a fabric stripto pass successively between the two pairs, means for looping two rubberstrips around the two movable rollers, a driving motor having a sprocketwheel,

and an endless sprocket chain engaging said sprocket wheel and sprocketwheels on the two Arollers mounted on fixed axes.

ll..An apparatus for applying a rubber strip to a fabricstriprcomprising a pair of rollers between which the fabric strip maypass, a roll having a wound-up course of rubber and having a liner whichpass together in a loop about one lof the rollers, mechanism forpressing one of the rollers toward the other roller to press the rubberstrip against the fabric strip, mechanism for continuously rotating oneof said rollers to feed the composite strip, a take-up roller for theliner after it has cleared the pressure rollerA about which the linerloops, and a spring belt for rotating the take-up roller to wind up theliner While allowing slippage of the roller as the diameter of theWound-up material increases.

12. The combination of a servicer device having stock receiving rolls, acoating device adapted to coat a strip of fabric, means for continuouslyprogressing the fabric strip through the coating device and towards theServicer device, other means for collecting the coated fabric onto thestock-receiving rolls of the Servicer device at a rate faster than thefabric strip progresses through the coating device, and means coactingwith the coated fabric strip as it passes from the coating device to theServicer device to periodically interrupt the fabric collecting meansand thereby make the ultimate progress of the coated strip substantiallythe same in both devices.

HENRY C. BOSTWICK.

References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS NumberName Date Keller June 13, 1893 Forsberg July 9, 1907 Waring Dec. 16,1913 Foothorap June 30, 1925 Pfeier Mar. 21, 1933 Stacey Dec. 25, 1934Hild Jan. 14, 1941 Bostwick May 18, 1948 Kuier Dec. 6, 1949 KastnerSept. 12, 1950 Cleland et al Mar. 4, 1952

